Research in Vestibular Science

Case Report

Complete ocular tilt reaction with subjective visual vertical tilt in a patient with a medial prefrontal cortex lesion: a case report: Hyung Lee, Hyun Ah Kim; Res Vestib Sci. 2024;23(1):24-27. Published online March 15, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.21790/rvs.2023.136

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Abstract PDF: A 61-year-old male patient undergoing chemotherapy for esophageal cancer presented with symptoms of rightward tilting while both sitting and walking. A neurological examination revealed a head tilt, skew deviation with hypertrophy of the left eye, and a rightward shift in his gait. No spontaneous nystagmus was observed, and the vestibulo-ocular reflex was normal. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed a suspected metastatic lesion in the right medial prefrontal cortex. Following the initiation of levetiracetam treatment, the patient demonstrated marked improvement, with the resolution of both head tilt and skew deviation within 1 month. Traditionally, the ocular tilt reaction has been attributed to unilateral or asymmetric dysfunction of the graviceptive pathways extending from the utricle to the upper midbrain lesions. However, this case highlights the potential involvement of the prefrontal cortex in the ocular tilt reaction. Further research is warranted on the role of the prefrontal cortex within the vestibular system.

Reviews

Vestibular Responses to Gravity Alterations: Nguyen Nguyen, Gyutae Kim, Kyu-Sung Kim; Res Vestib Sci. 2020;19(1):1-5. Published online March 15, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.21790/rvs.2020.19.1.1

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Abstract PDF: Due to the adaptation to environments on Earth, various health-related issues are raised when exposed to different circumstances in space. Of environmental factors in space, gravity alteration has been considered as one of critical environmental changes. The primary inner organ to detect the gravity change is the vestibular system, especially otolith organs, and some limited researches have conducted to understand its mechanical and physiological properties. However, the related consequences were not consistent in despite of well description in systemic effects ranged from the peripheral vestibular system to the central nervous system. Here, we revisited the neuronal and behavioral effects of the gravity alteration on the relevant organs through this review. By representing previous studies for the gravity effects on the peripheral and central vestibular system, this review would provide the concrete understanding of the vestibular responses to the gravity alteration. Also, the physiological responses are expected to provide the useful resources to understand the systemic vestibular responses under the gravity alteration.

Interaction of Autonomic and Vestibular System: Eek-Sung Lee, Tae-Kyeong Lee; Res Vestib Sci. 2018;17(1):1-7. Published online March 15, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.21790/rvs.2018.17.1.1

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Abstract PDF

The relationship between the vestibular system and the autonomic nervous system has been well studied in the context of the maintenance of homeostasis to the changing internal and external milieus. The perturbations of the autonomic indexes to the vestibular stimuli have been demonstrated in animal studies. In addition, the fluctuation of the blood pressure and the heart rate with other autonomic symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and pallor are common manifestations in the wide range of vestibular disorders. At the same time, the disorders of the autonomic nervous system can cause dizziness and vertigo in some group of patients. In the anatomical point of view, the relationship between autonomic and vestibular systems is evident. The afferent signals from each system converge to the nucleus of solitary tract to be integrated in medullary reticular formation and the each pathway from the vestibular and autonomic nervous system is interconnected from medulla to cerebral cortex. In this paper, the reported evidence demonstrating the relationship between autonomic derangement and vestibular disorders is reviewed and the further clinical implications are discussed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

AGE FEATURES OF THE VESTIBULAR ANALYZER
S.N. Vadzyuk, R.M. Shmata, T.A. Lebedeva, L.B. Lozina
Fiziolohichnyĭ zhurnal.2023; 69(4): 103. CrossRef

Erratum

Electrophysiology of Vestibular System: Eunjin Park, Kyu-Sung Kim, Jihoon Jo; Res Vestib Sci. 2013;12:S89-S89. Published online June 1, 2013

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Abstract PDF: Electrophysiological study of the vestibular nerve cells how to fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals from a variety of research results. However, the small number of experimental animals used in this study toward higher organisms is inconvenient. Thus, in vitro or in vivo experiments using a mouse or a rat, electrophysiological studies in the vestibular organs of the study, a statistically significant level, many of the experimental results can be achieved. It is easier to prepare for dealing with experimental laboratory animals. Gene mouse mutants related to the genetic map of the mouse study, there has been significant progress, as well as vestibular and auditory development has become. In conclusion, applied or basic research associated with the vestibular nerve in rodents, such as rats and electrophysiological studies, considering the characteristics of the vestibular system, and how the mouse is a need for the development of an experimental model. In this paper, we briefly explained the common electrophysiological studies, experimental methods, and applied on the vestibular nerve afferent examples.

Original Article

Role of the Peripheral Vestibular End Organ in the Expression of c-Fos Protein in the Medial Vestibular Nucleus Following Occlusion of the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery: Nari Kim, Jae Hee Lee, Myoung Ae Choi, Byung Geon Park, Min Sun Kim, Byung Rim Park; Res Vestib Sci. 2012;11(2):51-58.

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Abstract PDF: Background and Objectives: The present study investigated the role of the peripheral vestibular end organ in vestibular symptoms and temporal changes in expression of c-Fos protein in the vestibular nuclei following anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) occlusion using rats with unilateral or bilateral labyrinthectomy. Materials and Methods: Expression of c-Fos protein in the vestibular nuclei was measured 2, 12, 24, and 48 hours after AICA occlusion. Results: Unilateral AICA occlusion significantly induced expression of c-Fos protein bilaterally in the medial, inferior, superior, and lateral vestibular nuclei. Following AICA occlusion, the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) showed the highest expression of c-Fos protein among the 4 vestibular nuclei. The expression of c-Fos protein was asymmetric between the bilateral MVN, showing higher expression in the MVN contralateral to the side of AICA occlusion compared to the ipsilateral MVN. The degree of asymmetry in c-Fos protein expression between the bilateral MVN peaked 12 hours after AICA occlusion. The expression of c-Fos protein gradually decreased 24 hours after AICA occlusion and returned to control levels 48 hours after AICA occlusion. Unilateral labyrinthectomy significantly decreased expression of c-Fos protein in the MVN ipsilateral to the side of labyrinthectomy following AICA occlusion. Moreover, bilateral labyrinthectomy significantly decreased expression of c-Fos protein in the bilateral MVN flowing AICA occlusion. Conclusion: These results suggest that afferent signals from the peripheral vestibular end organ are crucial to the expression of c-Fos protein in the MVN following AICA occlusion and that expression of c-Fos protein is sustained for 24 hours after AICA occlusion.

Review

Understanding of Structure and Function of Vestibular Cortex: Min Sun Kim, Jae Hee Lee, Gyoung Wan Lee, Byung Rim Park; Res Vestib Sci. 2010;9(1):1-11.

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Abstract PDF: The vestibular end-organs generate very sophisticated gravity sensory information about head movement by sensing head acceleration in three-dimensional space. Vestibular information is crucial for higher brain functions such as cognition of spatial orientation, spatial memory, and perception of self-motion. The term “vestibular cortex” represents cortical area where vestibular information is processed, converged with other sensory inputs to maintain cortical functions. The vestibular cortex gives rise to commend signals that control the vestibulosomatic reflex through the modulation of vestibular nuclear activity in the brainstem. The vestibular cortex includes such different cortical regions as the premotor region of the frontal cortex, parietal areas, temporal areas, and a central core region called parietoinsular vestibular cortex. This paper summarizes systemically animal and clinical research data concerned with the vestibular cortex in order to understand anatomy and functions of the vestibular cortex and to provide a basic literature for further study.

Original Articles

Effect of Low Power Laser Irradiation on Gentamicin-Damaged Vestibular System in Guinea Pigs: Chung Ku Rhee, Myoung Chan Kim, Eun Seok Lim, Young Saeng Kim; J Korean Bal Soc. 2005;4(2):225-229.

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Abstract PDF: Background
and Objectives:The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of gentamicin-induced vestibulotoxicity of otolith organs and preventive effect of low power laser to vestibulotoxicity by assessing the result of earth vertical and the off vertical axis rotation tests. Materials and Method: Twenty guinea pigs were grouped into two groups, laser and no laser group. Vestibulotoxicity was induced by intratympanic injection of gentamicin. Prevention of the vestibulotoxicity was studied by irradiation of low power laser. Off vertical axis rotation tilted 30 degree relative to the earth vertical axis was applied to evaluate the otolithic function.
Results
Gentamicin induced vestibulotoxicity was confirmed by gain decreasing in slow harmonic acceleration test and modulation decreasing in the off vertical axis rotation test. Prevention effect of low power laser to gentamicin induced vestibulotoxicity was confirmed by modulation maintaining in the off vertical axis rotation test and gain maintaining in the earth vertical axis rotation.

Role of Central Vestibular Pathway on Control of Blood Pressure During Acute Hypotension in Rats: Yuan Zhe Jin, Guang Shi Jin, Min Sun Kim, Byung Rim Park; J Korean Bal Soc. 2005;4(2):189-200.

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Abstract PDF: Background
and Objectives: Central role of the vestibular system on control of blood pressure and interrelationships between the vestibular nucleus and solitary nucleus during acute hypotension were investigated in bilateral labyrinthectomized (BLX) or sinoaortic denervated (SAD) rats. Changes of electrical activity in the medial vestibular nucleus (MVN), solitary tract nucleus (STN), and rostral ventrolateral medullary nucleus (RVLM) were investigated in rats in while acute hypotension was induced by sodium nitroprusside (SNP).
Results
Evoked potential in MVN neuron caused by electrical stimulation of the peripheral vestibular system was composed of 3 waves with latencies of 0.48±0.10 ms, 1.04±0.09 ms and 1.98±0.19 ms. Electrical stimulation to MVN or RVLM increased blood pressure. MVN at the induction of acute hypotension showed excitation in 61% of type I neurons and inhibition in 68% of type II neurons. In STN, acute hypotension produced excitation in 62.1% of neurons recorded in intact abyrinthine animals, inhibition in 72.3% of neurons recorded in BL animals, and excitation in 60% of recorded neurons in SAD animals. In RVLM, acute hypotension produced excitation in 66.7% of neurons recorded in intact labyrinthine animals and inhibition in 64.9% of neurons recorded in BL animals. In spatial distribution of STN neurons responded to acute hypotension, excitatory responses were mainly recorded in rostral and ventral portion, and inhibitory responses were mainly recorded in caudal and lateral portion. In RVLM, excitatory responses were mainly recorded in rostral and dorsomedial portion, and inhibitory responses were mainly recorded in caudal and ventrolateral portion.
Conclusion
These results suggest that afferent signals from the peripheral vestibular receptors are transmitted to STN through the vestibular nuclei and assist to the baroreceptors for controlling blood pressure following acute hypotension.

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